Tuesday, April 27, 2010

Classwork for 4/27/10

1. Using this link, determine the most important five events of the Cuban Revolution:

Cuban Revolution SlideShow

Focus on the 1950's and the 1960's.

2. Read the story "50 Years Ago"

http://www.miamiherald.com/2008/12/30/v-print/832180/50-years-ago-cubas-rebels-took.html

4. Answer the question:

How was the Cuban Revolution of 1959 similar or different to the Russian Revolution of 1917? (Hint: Remember Lenin, the peasants, the Tsar, Stalin, commnuism, 5-year plans, etc.)

Monday, April 26, 2010

Bios of Latin American Leaders

Cuba
President: Raul Castro
Raul Castro, the world's longest-serving defence minister, took over as president in February 2008, succeeding his ailing brother Fidel, who had been in power for five decades.

Raul Castro
Raul Castro became acting president 18 months earlier when his brother was incapacitated by ill health, and was formally named as president by the National Assembly days after Fidel announced his retirement.
Fidel Castro, a devotee of Marxist-Leninist theory, brought revolution to Cuba and created the western hemisphere's first communist state. His bearded figure, long speeches, army fatigues and defiance of the United States earned him iconic status across the globe.
Raul, 76 at the time of this appointment, has been his brother's trusted right-hand man and was once known as an iron-fisted ideologue who executed Fidel Castro's orders - and enemies - ruthlessly.
Under his leadership, Cuba's Revolutionary Armed Forces became one of the most formidable fighting forces in the Third World with combat experience in Africa, where they defeated South Africa's army in Angola in 1987.

Fidel Castro outlasted no fewer than nine US presidents
Known as a good administrator, Raul Castro substantially cut the size of the army after the collapse of Soviet Communism threw Cuba into severe economic crisis. He introduced Western business practices to help make the armed forces self-sufficient. The military has a large stake in the most dynamic sectors of the Cuban economy, including tourism.
Raul Castro has also eased some restrictions on personal freedoms by lifting bans on mobile phones and home computers.
But his choice of first vice-president came as a shock to those hoping that a new generation might begin shaping the country's future. He picked Machado Ventura - a hardline politburo member and one of the original leaders of the revolution - as his number two.










Puerto Rico

Head of state: President George W Bush
Governor: Anibal Acevedo Vila (outgoing)
Governor-elect: Luis Fortuno
Anibal Acevedo Vila of the Popular Democratic Party became the governor of Puerto Rico at the end of 2004.

Acevedo Vila pushed for self-determination for Puerto Rico
The Popular Democratic Party was at that time in favour of maintaining Puerto Rico's commonwealth status, whereas the New Progressive Party of Mr Acevedo's rival for the governorship, Pedro Rossello, favoured full integration into the US as the 51st state.
Since then, Mr Acevedo Vila has accused the US of failing to live up to the promises it made in the 1950s - when it gave the island greater self-governing powers in return for remaining a commonwealth - and has urged it to grant Puerto Rico the right to determine its own status.
He lost a bid for a second term as governor at elections in November 2008 and is due to leave office in January 2009.
His successor is Luis Fortuno of the New Progressive Party, which also won the November 2008 elections to Puerto Rico's legislative assembly.
Puerto Ricans elect their governor for a four-year term. The constitution, modelled on that of the US, provides for a Senate and House of Representatives. However, voters in a referendum in 2005 backed the idea of replacing the bodies with a one-house legislature.
Residents of Puerto Rico cannot vote in US presidential elections. But they do elect a non-voting delegate to the US Congress.














Argentina

President: Cristina Fernandez
Cristina Fernandez swept to victory in the first round of Argentina's presidential election in October 2007 - a victory that many attributed to the popularity of her husband, President Nestor Kirchner.

Ms Fernandez is the first woman to be elected president of Argentina
She fought the election campaign largely on Mr Kirchner's record of reducing poverty and unemployment in the wake of the 2001-2002 economic crisis - one of the worst crises the country had ever experienced.
She is expected to continue her husband's domestic policies of striving for high growth rates while containing inflation.
However, she is also expected to devote more attention to foreign policy, continuing to maintain close ties with other Latin American countries such as Brazil and Venezuela while at the same time seeking to ease the at times strained ties with Washington.
The main challenge Ms Fernandez will have to face is the renewed threat of high inflation. A quarter of the Argentine population still lives in poverty, and any rise in the prices of basic commodities is likely to have a devastating impact.
She has a long track-record as a politician. As a law student in the 1970s she was active in a leftist Peronist movement, later becoming first a provincial and then a national deputy.
She supported her husband - whom she met at university in 1975 - as he rose through the Peronist ranks, and in 1995 became a senator herself.
After Mr Kirchner was elected president in 2003, she was his chief adviser, and he also plays an important role in her leadership. One of his first jobs was to help with negotiations to release hostages held by the guerrillas in the Colombian jungle.
The couple have been dubbed "the Clintons of the South", and Ms Fernandez encouraged the comparison by alluding to the similiarities between herself and Hillary Clinton during her election campaign.







Colombia

President: Alvaro Uribe
Alvaro Uribe came to power in May 2002 in a first-round election victory and secured a second, four-year term in May 2006.

President Uribe, secured a second term with a comfortable victory
Described as hard-line and right-leaning, he has taken a tough stance against left-wing guerrillas and right-wing paramilitaries alike. Under his presidency, the murder rate and the incidence of kidnapping have fallen.
Although this has won him high approval ratings, guerrilla attacks on civilians have continued. Mr Uribe said he needs another term to implement his tough policies.
He has boosted spending on the military and police and has set about arming peasants in vulnerable areas. Major offensives have been launched against the guerrillas. Anti-terrorism laws have expanded the military's power to arrest and detain suspects.
In a bid to disarm the paramilitaries, his government has held formal peace talks with far-right warlords.
Mr Uribe is keen for international mediation to end the violence.
But an initiative for Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez to get involved in negotiations ran into trouble in late 2007 following a series of diplomatic incidents and lapses of protocol.
Relations between the two presidents became decidedly frosty, and deteriorated further in early 2008 after Mr Uribe rejected Mr Chavez's call for Colombia's left-wing rebels to be treated as insurgents instead of terrorists.
Fences began to be mended after the freeing of the Farc's most high-profile hostage, Ingrid Betancourt, in July 2008.
The Colombian president is Washington's chief ally in a left-leaning region where the Bush administration is not popular.
Born in Medellin in July 1952, Alvaro Uribe is a Harvard and Oxford University-educated lawyer. He is described as a workaholic and a disciplined scholar. He was elected mayor of Medellin in 1982 and was Antioquia governor between 1995 and 1997.
Mr Uribe is a staunch Roman Catholic and is interested in horses and yoga. He is married with two children.
His father, a wealthy landowner, was killed when Farc rebels tried to kidnap him. But Mr Uribe - who has himself survived a handful of assassination attempts - says his anger does not influence his policies.





Honduras

President: Manuel Zelaya Rosales

Manuel Zelaya: Promises to create jobs, fight crime
Manuel Zelaya, from the Liberal Party, won a hotly-contested presidential election in November 2005 with a majority of 75,000 votes.
His main rival, the National Party's Porfirio "Pepe" Lobo Sosa, conceded defeat after 10 days of uncertainty over the count, which was beset by technical problems.
Mr Zelaya, who served in the government of former president Carlos Flores, proposed to double the number of police officers and to jail murderers and rapists for life.
On taking office he appointed a former general to lead the campaign against gang violence and announced plans to rehabilitate former gang members.
He has promised to tackle corruption in government and to create hundreds of thousands of badly-needed jobs. He backs a free trade deal with the US, signed by his predecessor.
Mr Zelaya, a landowner, was born in 1952. He is known for his trademark moustache and for sporting a Stetson hat and cowboy boots. He is married and has four children.
His predecessor, the National Party's Ricardo Maduro, implemented economic reforms in return for credit from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and changed the penal code to try to stem rampant crime and gang violence.

















Peru
President: Alan Garcia

Economic turmoil dogged Alan Garcia's first government
Former centre-left president Alan Garcia celebrated a dramatic political comeback in June 2006, 16 years after he left office with rock-bottom approval ratings. Hyperinflation, food shortages and a Maoist guerrilla insurgency plagued his 1985-1990 term; the president says he has learned from his mistakes.
He won a run-off vote in presidential elections having campaigned on promises to tackle poverty and boost economic growth. His rival, the political newcomer and former military man Ollanta Humala, was backed by Venezuela's populist leftist leader Hugo Chavez.
President Garcia represents Peru's oldest political party, the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, or Apra. On taking office he announced an austerity drive - which included a cut in his own salary - and cited Chile as an economic role model.
His government has come under fire from environmental and human rights campaigners over plans to auction off swathes of the Amazon to oil and gas companies. They say the amount of Peruvian Amazon territory now open to oil exploration has risen from 13 to 70% in two years.
In October 2008, the entire Apra-led cabinet resigned after members of the party were implicated in a corruption scandal over the allocation of oil contracts. In an effort to restore public confidence in his administration, Mr Garcia appointed Yehude Simon, a leftist regional governor from outside the ruling party, as the new prime minister.
Mr Garcia's predecessor, Alejandro Toledo, took office promising to wage "a head-on war on poverty" but struggled to improve the lot of the poor and to deliver on a pledge to create one million jobs over five years.
Mr Toledo oversaw economic growth but had to balance the need for economic prudence with calls for more spending on social programmes and public-sector wage increases.
He was beset by street protests and a string of scandals involving ministers, aides and family members.











Mexico
President: Felipe Calderon

Felipe Calderon, from the governing, conservative National Action Party, was declared the winner of the bitterly-fought July 2006 presidential election with a lead of less than a percentage point over his left-wing rival, Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador.

Felipe Calderon's victory was confirmed after weeks of wrangling
His win was confirmed after weeks of legal wrangling. He took office on 1 December; raucous scenes in Congress accompanied his inauguration. Mr Obrador, a populist former mayor of Mexico City, challenged the poll outcome in the courts and led a campaign of street protests. He refused to recognise Mr Calderon's win.
Mr Calderon says he wants to strive for unity; he has offered to include opposition politicians in government.
Soon after taking office he announced plans for an anti-poverty drive, targeting Mexico's 100 poorest towns. He also promised to cut his own salary by 10%. Both themes were central to the election campaign of his rival.
He vowed to tackle violent crime, tax evasion and corruption. To this end, he promised to raise salaries in the army - a key player in the fight against crime.
He has predicted that the fight against drug gangs will take longer than his six-year term in office. He has dispatched thousands of troops to combat feuding drug cartels.
Mr Calderon has pledged to create jobs, in an effort to stem outward migration, and to pursue major infrastructure projects, including roads, airports, bridges and dams.
Born in 1962, in Morelia in Michoacan state, he is married and has three children. A lawyer and an economist by profession, he resigned as energy minister in 2004 to pursue his presidential ambitions.
His predecessor, Vicente Fox, took office in December 2000 and was unable by law to run in the 2006 poll.










Venezuela
President: Hugo Chavez
Hugo Chavez, who has survived a coup, protests, strikes and a referendum on his rule since coming to power in 1998, is the subject of both adulation and loathing among his divided electorate.

Hugo Chavez has polarised political opinion
The president, who says he wants to create a new form of socialism, has pursued populist policies aimed at helping the poor. The programmes include free health care, subsidised food and land reform.
Critics have accused Mr Chavez of trying to emulate Cuba's communist system and of increasing state intervention in business.
Mr Chavez came to prominence when he led a failed coup in 1992. After a spell in prison he embarked on a political career that swept him to power in a landslide election victory in 1998.
The charismatic president often continued to wear his paratrooper's red beret. He delighted the poor but infuriated the rich and the powerful news media with his rambling speeches that denounced the wealthy elite.
As Mr Chavez grew more powerful, his critics said he was leading Venezuela towards a Cuban-style authoritarian government. He was criticised for courting countries which attracted US or international disapproval, namely Cuba, Saddam Hussein's Iraq and Libya.
He was forced out of office by the military in April 2002, only to be reinstated within 48 hours after a post-coup government collapsed in the face of a rebellion by loyalist troops and massive protests.
Opposition pressure intensified in 2002 and 2003, with more protests, a prolonged general strike and an unsuccessful attempt to petition for a referendum on the president's rule.
On the strength of a second petition handed in by his opponents, Mr Chavez faced a referendum on his rule on 15 August 2004 and was named as the winner. He won a third term in elections in December 2006.
In early 2007 he was granted sweeping powers to rule by decree for the next 18 months. The National Assembly, which has been boycotted by the opposition, unanimously passed the law.
Mr Chavez was expected to use his new powers to nationalise key sectors of the economy, assert more control over the oil industry and to raise taxes on the rich. His opponents say the law is an abuse of power.

Wednesday, April 14, 2010

Quiz Questions

Questions for the quiz:

On the Blog, respond to TWO of the following questions in preparation for your quiz tomorrow.


1.     Who are our friends and enemies in the Middle East? Explain what our relationships are with various countries. (Short Answer)

2.     How are the Hummer and Smart Car connected to the Middle East? What is the role of oil? (Short Answer)


3.     What are the roots of 9/11? What are the causes? Who was involved? Explain. (Short Answer)

4.     Show where five friends and five enemies are on a map, show where there are conflicts, and which countries have oil. (Map)


5.     Is Democracy possible in the Middle East? Explain using examples from research. (Short Answer)

6.     What are the options in the Middle East? What is the best option for the U.S.? (Short Answer)

Wednesday, April 7, 2010

Middle East Options: Which option is best?

Which options is best? Explain in a persuasive paragraph.

Monday, April 5, 2010

In search of the roots of 9/11

Explain why 9/11 happened. What motivated the hijackers? What historical issues preceded the event? Who is responsible? 

Use evidence from the documents to support your claim.